纪录片剪报 第17期 (20071112)

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导读

  1. 视野                风餐露宿觅芳踪 科学家寻找熊猫之旅/熊猫三问/熊猫乃生态指标

  2. 纪录片推荐           50年经典纪录片推荐(2)
                       Gimme Shelter (Criterion Collection) (1970)
                       The Sorrow and the Pity (1971)
                       Hearts and Minds (Criterion Collection) (1974)
                       Grey Gardens (Criterion Collection) (1976)
                       Best Boy (1979-1997)
                       Burden of Dreams (Criterion Collection) (1982)>
                       The Times of Harvey Milk (1983)
                       Stop Making Sense (1984)

  3. 纪录片资讯           加中影视合作机遇和挑战(Jeremy Edwardes四川电视节演讲稿



1. 视野      

风餐露宿觅芳踪 科学家寻找熊猫之旅
来源:香港文汇报2007-11-8 文:李卓贤

  
吕植的老师“熊猫爸爸”潘文石        吕植抱着刚出生不久的小熊猫

虽然记者最近没有到过海洋公园,但家人为了看足球比赛,所以安装了收费电视频道,包括附送的「熊猫台」,因而有幸一睹盈盈、乐乐的风采。透过固定的镜头,观众可以全天候「观赏」四只大熊猫的生活。不过,大部分时间可能只是看到它们吃喝、活动,还有后面一群络绎不绝的访客。
虽然自己也喜爱这对国宝,但看过「熊猫台」后,心里一度思考熊猫的「价值」有否被夸大,有否被媒体过分炒作。不过,当接触北京大学生命科学院环境生物学与生态学系吕植教授后,看她谈论熊猫时所流露的热情,记者忽然醒悟「子非熊猫,焉知熊猫之乐」的愚昧,发现自己一直未有认清这珍贵动物,顿感羞愧万分,连说罪过。

熊猫,还是野生的好。
1985年,吕植教授首次踏上陕西秦岭的崇山雪原时,只是个对熊猫充满热诚及兴趣的少女,但自从碰上难得一见的野生熊猫后,就深深被「迷倒」,把往后10年的光阴也倾注进去。
吕植在1985年毕业于北大生物系,多年来跟随「熊猫爸爸」潘文石教授,全身投入有关大熊猫的研究工作,更取得硕士及博士学位,近年一直在内地和美国不同地方讲学,还获得中国十大杰出青年的美誉。
「小时候看过关于达尔文的电影,知道他写了《物种起源》(The Origin of Species),走遍了世界各地,见过很多生物,令我很向往那种生活。我虽然念生物化学,但总觉得学到的东西和想像有点差距。」在1983年,吕植已是大学二年级生物系的学生,但对将来工作完全没有眉目。
那年,吕植巧遇当时正在四川卧龙做大熊猫研究的潘文石,听他叙述有趣的故事及经历,吕植提出跟潘文石做研究的建议,而潘文石考虑后,也终于答应收她为徒。吕植不理会家人的劝阻,背着行装,走入陕西的壮丽山河。

3年土豆白菜 只为续缘
「我第一次上山是在1985年3月8日。在铺满雪的山路上,找到很多动物的踪迹,更看见被咬了一口的保护动物告示牌。到了秦岭野外,我的运气很好,一个星期左右就看见熊猫,有电视台在山岭找了一个月,也没发现半只熊猫。熊猫见人就跑,不会让你有机会接近它。」
「在过去数千年历史,人类一直威胁着熊猫的生存,对它们不是抓,就是打,令熊猫建立了躲避人的意识。」吕植说自己有缘,只因她在野外考察的第一个星期,就看见4只发情和打架的熊猫。后来,吕植才明白,找熊猫不是件易事。
由于熊猫见人就跑,令吕植的研究变得艰难,后来研究员在熊猫身上装置特制颈圈,在配有设备的车上检测不同的频率,追踪工作才较顺利。在那10年间,她每天跟着熊猫走,知道它们走多远,何时发情交配,如何照顾产下的小熊猫,跟踪幼熊猫成长的过程。
在她的回忆中,当年内地较少进行野外生态研究,而且经费又少。她得跟随伐木女工上山,为工人做饭,3年来吃工队的饭,每餐都只是白菜、土豆和面条。

一年母子情 舐犊情至深
娇娇是和吕植保持最长久关系的熊猫,吕植看着它成长。在80年代,仍有不少有关熊猫的传说,例如熊猫不会照顾小熊猫,甚至会压死小熊猫,但事实并非这样。
「娇娇生孩子后,曾试过26天不吃不喝,只舔小熊猫的屁股,吃它们的粪便,保持小熊猫清洁。小熊猫1个月大左右,熊猫母亲仍花很多时间抱着孩子,不会让小熊猫掉在地上。3、4个月后,小熊猫已懂得走路和爬树。到了9个月,小熊猫要吃更多奶,所以熊猫母亲要吃很多竹子。」
吕植曾见过很多要保护熊猫的人,看见树上的小熊猫,担心它们被抛弃,于是把熊猫抱回家养,反而有30多只熊猫就这样在1岁时就死掉了。
「我曾见过熊猫妈妈把小熊猫放在树上,几十小时仍未回来,第二天我带着奶粉,躲在一角监视,如果有什么异样就把小熊猫抱走。最后,熊猫妈妈在傍晚就回来了,而小熊猫一看见妈妈,就很快爬下来。其实,妈妈放孩子在树上是熊猫的习性。我们要作科学考证,才能真正保护熊猫。」吕植说。

亲密接触 消除人熊隔阂
小熊猫和妈妈同住了1年左右,便可以开始自己觅食。如果妈妈想再生小熊猫,便会赶走已长大的小熊猫,让它们离开及建立自己的地盘。原来,熊猫和人一样,都要离家独立成长。
在考察过程中,吕植愈来愈亲近熊猫。由于熊猫很怕人,会抓人自卫,所以吕植最初和熊猫保持距离,不会太接近它们。为了接近熊猫,吕植要学熊猫「唔唔」的叫声,再经过吕植的贴身呵护,熊猫终于感受到对方的善意。当娇娇产下小熊猫希望,吕植尝试走近它,最后更可以触摸它的身体。那一刻,吕植内心感到无比震撼,彷佛数千年来人与熊猫的隔阂终于得以删除。
希望从小就和吕植很熟络,吕植扮熊猫叫时,希望就会爬到她的身上,她也把小熊猫认作干儿子。熊猫其实会认人的,当希望听见人的脚步,会赶快躲到树上,看见是吕植,才会爬下来跟她玩。但吕植不想跟希望纠缠,因为大熊猫有尖爪利牙,她有好几次被抓伤手脚。

  「熊猫不应失去对人的戒心,因为不是每个人都是好人。虽然我希望跟它们做朋友,但又怕跟它们太接近。」熊猫是一种孤独的动物,也是这个意思吧?

 

熊猫三问

1. 竹子开花影响熊猫生存?
吕植早年曾研究熊猫的粪便,检查它们能否从竹子得到足够养料。她发现熊猫吃竹子的方式很「经济」,左右开弓,只吃最嫩的叶和茎,采取「吃得快拉得快」的策略,所以熊猫有足够能量生存。竹子四季长青,吃的动物不多,不用跟其他动物「争食」。
有人认为,百年一遇的竹林开花是熊猫天敌。竹笋从地上冒出属无性繁殖,有花的时候采用花粉传播,是有性繁殖。竹树花绽放,附近的竹林也会开花,开花以后竹会死掉,待竹米发芽,才会长出新的竹来。在80年代的四川,曾出现竹林开花,有宣传说要救救熊猫,更传言它们要饿死,甚至有人建议把熊猫抓起来,待竹子长出后才放它们回去。
吕植认为,把熊猫关在动物园,熊猫就很难生存,也不会生孩子。当时潘文石就认为,应先观察竹子开花对熊猫的影响才决定。后来他们在研究发现,在熊猫的故乡,就有不同种类的竹子,当一种竹子开花,另一种竹子就不会开花,而熊猫只会吃百分之一至二的竹林,竹子开花需时3至5年,熊猫可到其他地方觅食。吕植指,如果出于好意但鲁莽地抓熊猫,才对熊猫有影响。
不过她也补充,竹子开花对熊猫生成影响,主要是因为现今的竹林不大,经常一小片一小片的分隔开来,当竹林开花,熊猫难以到其他地方觅食。因此,关键不在开花,而是熊猫需要一大片野生环境,才可以确保它们的生活。


2. 熊猫需要近亲繁殖?
看见熊猫数量大减,令人们对熊猫的性交能力生成疑问,更有说它已要进行近亲繁殖。因此,吕植曾在美国进行博士研究,探讨熊猫的生殖能力。她透过基因多样性,把熊猫和其他动物比较。发现熊猫的基因多样性与非洲狮子差别不大。与全球曾减至20头的亚洲狮(P. l. persica)比较,熊猫的生物多样性高得多。
她指出熊猫难以存活的论调,主要来自对动物园中熊猫的观察。在人工繁殖环境下,熊猫大多不会性交,产下的孩子多不能存活,且多为雄性。更有甚者,有泰国的动物园要给熊猫看专属的「色情电影」鼓吹熊猫生育。
「在动物园,护理人员会把半岁左右的小熊猫,从妈妈身边带走,想妈妈快点再生孩子,令小熊猫失去很多学习的机会。熊猫有一种社会标记,在肛门两边分泌。它们把液体涂在树上,其他熊猫会知道对方的存在,所以虽然熊猫独立生活,但也有交互性。动物园令小熊猫失去能力学习,长大后自然不会生存和交配。」


3. 熊猫能在野外生存吗?
吕植曾观察13只野生熊猫,只有一只长不大,其余12只也能长大,所以保护熊猫仍有希望。
根据化石纪录,在古中国东部及南部,甚至越南、缅甸都有熊猫的足迹,但到了清朝,熊猫只生活在四川和长江流域一带。据吕植估计,主要是在清朝人口暴发,短短数百年间由数千万增至4亿左右,大量砍伐山林用地和猎杀,令熊猫数量锐减。
人类可说是熊猫的大敌,与70年代比较,90年代的四川山林面积更少,且愈见破碎。另外,熊猫经常被人为捕杀,早年有人猎杀熊猫取得皮毛,近年则属误杀。在山林捕猎时,猎人会错误套死熊猫。吕植曾有好几次目睹熊猫因扯断前肢而失血过多,被捕兽夹夹杀。她慨叹地说,当陷阱多,生活环境变少,竹子又开花,熊猫的生存自然受到威胁。

熊猫乃生态指标
■要保护熊猫,不只爱惜它们,更要爱惜它们生存的环境。
当前,环境对熊猫的威胁主要是水源、土地及空气污染问题。虽然熊猫不是在城市生活,但污染对它们也有影响,这也是多种珍贵动物存活的问题。
「现今社会人口太多,对环境有很大冲击。虽然环境普遍改善了,但人类仍不太明白保护环境和动物有什么好处。」
「90年代,在娇娇生产时,附近曾有伐木工程,我们阻止了那天行动,但发展商说,今年不砍,明年也要砍,所以我们向当时国家总理朱(金容)基 反映,他就在秦岭划出熊猫保育区。」
吕植指出,熊猫是濒危动物,也是生态环境的指标,熊猫一旦消失,人类也不能保有美好的山岭。另外,有一半长江的水都来自四川,保护山林和熊猫对人类的生活同样重要。保护熊猫,并不只是保护物种,也要保护它们生存的环境。

  「熊猫的未来是有希望的,因它经过300多万年进化与磨练,生存力很强。而人类经过文化的认知,也知道照顾熊猫的重要性,并寻找自然和熊猫在经济上的贡献。我希望将来的地球有这种局面:有人,也有熊猫,大家可以和谐共处。」吕植满怀希望地说。

 


2.纪录片推荐 50年经典纪录片推荐(2)

Gimme Shelter (Criterion Collection) (1970)
Cast: Melvin Belli, Jefferson Airplane, The Rolling Stones, more...
Director:Albert Maysles, David Maysles, Charlotte Mitchell Zwerin
 Studio: Criterion Collection
Genre: Documentary,Music, Music Videos/Performance, Documentary, Music, Criterion Collection
Running Time: 91 min.
Languages: English
Subtitles: English
 
Synopsis
Filmmakers Albert Maysles and David Maysles concentrated their fly-on-the-wall cameras on the Stones' most fateful gig: the 1969 free concert at California's Altamont Speedway. To maintain crowd control, the Stones made the fatal error of engaging the services of the Hell's Angels motorcycle gang. The chaotic results included the fatal stabbing of a spectator, which was recorded on film and which is repeated several times herein as a depressing leitmotif. This vignette, along with scads of profanity, originally earned Gimme Shelter an R rating. The PG version available to television still retains a great deal of bite, as well as such musical highlights as "Satisfaction", "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Under My Thumb." ~ Hal Erickson, All Movie Guide
Features:

  • Never-before-seen performances of the Rolling Stones at Madison Square Garden in 1969, including "Little Queenie," "Oh Carol,"and "Prodigal Son," plus backstage outtakes
  • Audio commentary by directors Albert Maysles and Charlotte Zwerin, and collaborator Stanley Goldstein
  • Excerpts from KSAN Radio's Altamont wrap-up, recorded December 7,1969, with new introductions by then-DJ, Stefan Ponek
  • Altamont stills gallery, featuring the work of renowned photographers Bill Owens and Beth Sunflower
  • Original and re-release theatrical trailers, plus trailers for Maysles Films' classics Grey Gardens and Salesman
  • Filmographies for Maysles Films and Charlotte Zwerin
  • Restoration demonstration

 

The Sorrow and the Pity (1971)
Director: Marcel Ophüls
    see all cast/crew...
Rating: Not Rated
Studio: Image Entertainment
Genre: Documentary, Foreign,France, Military
Languages: French
Subtitles: English
   

 

Synopsis
Made for French television, Marcel Ophüls' four-hour-plus documentary explores the average French citizen's memories of the Nazi occupation. Just how large and effective was the fabled resistance movement? Is cooperation the same thing as collaboration? And how did one's up-close-and-personal experiences with the occupation troops impact one's postwar life? These questions are probingly posed (but not all are answered) by Ophüls, who also acts as offscreen interviewer. The first half of the film is a mosaic of sights and sounds from the years 1940-1944: Maurice Chevalier singing for the German troops, clips of propagandistic newsreels, appalling vignettes from the scurrilous anti-Semitic film drama Jew Suss (1940), and the like. Ophüls' interpretation of history as the "process of recollection, in things like choice, selective memory, rationalization" is fully illustrated in the film's long second half, which is devoted almost entirely to interviews, in which the subjects display emotions ranging from mild embarrassment to abrupt rage. ~ Hal Erickson, All Movie Guide

 

Hearts and Minds (Criterion Collection) (1974)
Director: Peter Davis
 Studio: Criterion
Genre: Documentary,Politics and Social Issues, Political & Social Issues, Military, Vietnam War,Criterion Collection
Running Time: 112 min.
Languages: English
Subtitles: English
  
Synopsis
The title of this documentary was inspired by the mantra recited by those in charge of the Vietnam War: "In order to win the war, we must win the hearts and minds of the people." The failure to achieve this, coupled with the disastrous no-win policies of the higher-ups, is the nucleus of this film, put together by director Peter Davis in the same manner as Marcel Ophuls' The Sorrow and the Pity. Like the Ophuls film, Davis juxtaposes news footage of the Vietnam war with interviews conducted with its observers and participants, interspersing vignettes of the fatuous comments made by the generals and politicians. The film was briefly withdrawn from distribution when Walter Rostow, one-time advisor to President Johnson, insisted that his reputation had been damaged and demanded that the two minutes featuring Rostow on-camera be deleted. More controversy arose when Hearts and Minds won the Best Documentary Oscar, whereupon the Academy issued a statement--read during the awards ceremony byFrank Sinatra--that it did not condone or advocate the volatile statements made by the producers during their acceptance speech. ~ Hal Erickson, All Movie Guide

 

Grey Gardens (Criterion Collection) (1976)
Cast: Edie Beale, Edith Bouvier Beale
Director: Albert Maysles,David Maysles, Ellen Hovde, more...
   
Rating: Not Rated
Studio: Criterion
Genre: Documentary, Biographies,Political & Social Issues, Criterion Collection, Dysfunctional Families
Languages: English
Subtitles: English
Synopsis
Albert and David Maysles, pioneers in the cinéma vérité movement of documentary filmmaking, chose for their subjects of this film a mother and daughter with celebrity connections. Edith Bouvier Beale and her daughter, Edie (or, as they are called by the brothers, Big Edie and Little Edie, are aunt and cousin to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. In the early '70s, their 28-room mansion in Long Island's tony community of East Hampton was found to be a health hazard, and the two women, in their seventies and fifties, were threatened with eviction. Jacqueline Onassis paid for the house to be put in good order, and two years later, the Maysles paid the ladies a series of follow-up visits. This is not fly-on-the-wall filmmaking; the brothers are sometimes shown on-camera, and both women talk directly to them. Big Edie reminisces about her husband (from whom she has long been separated) and her youthful singing career;Little Edie ruminates over memories of her thwarted romances and confides that she has to get out of Grey Gardens (the name of their estate), although she has been living there since 1952; and the two women pick at each other for transgressions past and present. The women share their home with at least five cats and several raccoons, for whom Little Edie leaves out food in the attic. They are not recluses; they host a modest 79th birthday party for , they employ a gardener, and they are often visited by Jerry, a young handyman/lost soul whom Little Edie calls "the Marble Faun," after the Nathaniel Hawthorne story. "It's very difficult to keep the line between the past and the present," Little Edie says near the beginning of the film, and it becomes clear that both women are much more comfortable reliving their respective youths (in some ways, Little Edie has never left hers) than facing their rather bleak old and middle age. ~ Tom Wiener, All Movie Guide

 

Best Boy (1979-1997)
Cast: Philly Wohl
Director:Ira Wohl
    see all cast/crew...
Rating: Not Rated
Studio: New Video Group, Docurama
Genre: Documentary, Biographies, Political & Social Issues
Languages: English
  
Synopses
Best Boy (1979)
Director Ira Wohl took on this personally courageous project that may ultimately help other people who live under the same circumstances as Wohl's aunt, uncle, and their mentally handicapped son Philly. When Wohl started filming this documentary, Philly was entering his fifties, and his parents were not going to live forever. They had always taken care of Philly but Wohl intervenes not only with the eye of his camera, but with his encouragement to get Philly living on his own. The process of his aunt and uncle coming to terms with giving up their only remaining son is enlightening and moving, as are the changes Philly goes through himself. Best Boy received a 1979 Academy Award and a 1980 New York Film Critics Award for "Best Documentary." ~ Eleanor Mannikka, All Movie Guide
Best Man (1997)
Filmmaker Ira Wohl focuses on his mentally retarded 70-year-old cousin, Phil Wohl, for this documentary -- a sequel to the Oscar-winning documentary Best Boy, made 20 years earlier. Best Boy showed Philly living with his elderly parents. Ira Wohl employed the original crew for this follow-up and incorporates clips from the first film. With Philly's parents since deceased, he's now cared for by his sister Frances. After establishing Philly's usual daily routines, the film shows him traveling to Los Angeles on his first plane trip. Shown at the AFI/Los Angeles Film Festival. ~ Bhob Stewart, All Movie Guide
Special Features:

  • Filmmaker Biography
    See also Wohl's follow-up feature, BEST MAN.
    See also Wohl's original documentary, BEST BOY

 

Burden of Dreams (Criterion Collection) (1982)
Cast: Werner Herzog, Klaus Kinski, Claudia Cardinale, more...
Director: Les Blank
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Studio: Criterion
Genre: Documentary,Film, Quirky Characters, Criterion Collection
Running Time: 95 min.
Languages: English, Spanish, German
Subtitles: English
 

Synopsis
Documentarian Les Blank, who filmed Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe, trained his cameras on Herzog again, as the eccentric German filmmaker made his epic, Fitzcarraldo, in the Amazon rainforest of Peru. Herzog's production is in trouble right from the start. He begins filming with Jason Robards playing the title role, and Mick Jagger playing Fitzcarraldo's sidekick, Wilbur. With 40 percent of the film shot, Robards becomes ill and goes back to the states, where his doctor will not let him return. Because of the delay, Jagger, with album and tour commitments, is forced to quit the production. Thinking no one can fill the rock star's shoes, Herzog jettisons Jagger's role. He eventually casts his frequent collaborator Klaus Kinski as Fitzcarraldo and begins shooting again. Violent tribal disputes and unpredictable weather hinder the shoot, but the biggest obstacle is Herzog's own quixotic and dangerous determination to film one antique boat smashing down the Amazonian rapids, and the dragging of an identical boat over a mountain from one river to another. Blank interviews members of the cast and crew, including the impoverished Indian extras, and captures the troubles of the seemingly cursed production, but his interviews with Herzog are the focal point of the film. "If I abandon this project," Herzog explains at one point, "I would be a man without dreams, and I never want to live like that. I live my life or I end my life with this project." Herzog later made his own documentary about Kinski, My Best Fiend, which adds to the lore of this infamously difficult shoot. ~ Josh Ralske, All Movie Guide

The Times of Harvey Milk (1983)
Cast: Harvey Fierstein
Director: Robert Epstein
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Studio: New Yorker Video
Genre: Documentary, Biographies
Languages: English
    
Synopsis
A documentary portrait of San Francisco's first openly gay politician, city supervisor Harvey Milk, The Times of Harvey Milk might not have been made but for the tragic circumstances of Milk's death. On November 27, 1978, Dan White, a former city supervisor who was desperate to regain his post, entered City Hall with a gun and murdered both San Francisco's mayor, George Moscone, and Milk. At the trial, White's lawyer skillfully turned the jury's attention away from his client's public anti-gay statements to focus on White's spotless record and his extremely agitated mental state on the day of the murders. White was convicted of voluntary manslaughter and sentenced to a relatively brief jail term, sparking a demonstration and riot by gay supporters of the murdered men. The film considers Milk's accomplishments and his exceptional popularity; this is not an objective look at a man, but a celebration of a martyr. Winner of an Academy award for Best Documentary Feature, The Times of Harvey Milk was released while White was serving his sentence; he was paroled in 1984 and committed suicide the next year. Epstein's next important project was the documentary The Celluloid Closet, about images of gay men and women in Hollywood films. ~ Tom Wiener, All Movie Guide This disc contains the feature film.

Stop Making Sense (1984)
Cast: Bernie Worrel, Bernie Worrell, Alex Weir, more...
Director: Jonathan Demme
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Rating: Not Rated
Studio: Palm Pictures
Genre: Documentary, Music, Music Videos/Performance, Documentary, Music
Running Time: 99 min.
   

Synopsis
Stop Making Sense was the first feature-length documentary effort of filmmaker Jonathan Demme. The director's subject is The Talking Heads, a new-wave/pop-rock group comprised of David Byrne, Chris Franz, Tina Weymouth and Jerry Harrison. The film was made during a three-day concert gig at the Pantages Theater in Hollywood. What emerges on screen says as much about director Demme's taste and sensitivity as it does about the group and its visionary leader Byrne. Though some of the material in Stop Making Sense overlaps with the Talking Heads' earlier concert film The Name of This Band is Talking Heads, one never gets the feeling of by-the-numbers repetition; the group's energy is such that it virtually explodes from the screen. ~ Hal Erickson, All Movie Guide

3.纪录片资讯

加中影视合作机遇和挑战

加拿大Coptor Productions公司副总裁Jeremy Edwardes在第九届四川电视节加拿大日的演讲

我是Jeremy Edwardes,大家也可以称呼我的中文名字“高天”。我来自加拿大多伦多,是一位获得过奥斯卡奖的纪录片制片人。我同时在加拿大纪录组织的董事会任职,职责范围同时包括组织的全国机构及多伦多分部。

我想以加拿大纪录片过去十年中的繁荣发展作为开场白。加拿大的纪录片为推动全球非小说性影视作品的复兴做出了贡献,得到了高度的赞誉,国际票房的认可,并力压广受欢迎的加拿大电视剧,争取到了无数的电视观众。自九十年代末开始运营的35个专业频道,以及从常规发行人那里获得的委托许可,使加拿大的纪录片观众人数在十年间翻了一倍。

在2005-06的播放季中,制作精良的纪录片吸引力超过100万观众。作品Libérée-Le Choix de Nathalie Simard平均每分钟有160人观看,而ICE Storm:The Sale/Pelletier Affair每分钟也有120万人次观看。

就票房骄人成绩而言,也有很多例子。Mark Achbar和JenniferAbbot合作拍摄的The Corpration在加拿大的票房收入190万美元,在美国上映后又增加了350万美元的收入。Paul Arcand的Les Voleurs d’enfance在加拿大的票房接近180万美元,证明纪录片中电影市场上有着强有力的竞争实力,吸引了广泛观众,其创造惊人利润。

对于整个加拿大电影和电视产业来说,其成功总是依托战略投资和政策扶植。而来自CTF、加拿大影视协会(Telefilm Canada)和全国电影委员会(NFB)的关键的社会支持,及重要的发行许可和收益委托,也为加拿大纪录片店制作起到推波助澜的作用。

然而,要想在竞争激烈的电影市场上立于不败之地,需要的是合理的预算和高制作价值。更多的社会资金支持促进该行业的繁荣是必要的。同样地,在融资的起始阶段,就应鼓励故事片营销商向纪录片市场投资,并且,数码信息到影像的转换、拷贝等辅助支持业务,也向我们提出了建设营销基础设施的要求。

数码影院,由于其兼容的技术格式和多样化的内容能力,可以以非常经济的方式,让更多的电影观众观看纪录片。尽管加拿大有越来越多的电影院通过高清晰画质的投放设备,提供可选择观看内容的服务,但纪录片尚不在服务之列。由于数码影院没有明确的市场准入,或者说社会支持(关于这一点的例子,欧洲、英国和澳大利亚比比皆是),纪录片的潜力依然无法化为现实竞争力。

发展中的数码影院,为纪录片赢得更多观众提供了巨大的机遇、然而,要抓住这样的机遇,前提是纪录片要在商业环境中获得公众认可并创造收入,而商业环境历来青睐知名的、拥有大量节目内容和大众认知度的国际媒体公司。如今,由于网络上有大量不同的影视作品供选择,专业电影制作人的实际获利甚少。事实上,专业纪录片必须在一个业余及半专业作品泛滥的市场上竞争,而竞争产品往往是在网上可以免费观看的。

纪录片是作为数字时代的经济利益产物出现的。其有利的经济运作和独树一帜的细分市场定位,促使经济活动空前活跃,创造大量就业机会及出口贸易,在以下各方面,都已走在了全行业的前面:

  1. 2005-2006一年间,加拿大纪录片电影和电视剧创造了4.4亿美元的价值,自1996-1997年度以来,以10.8%的年平均增长率增长,超过了加拿大影视行业4.3%的增长幅度。
  2. 自1996-1997年底,到2005-2006年度的时间段内,加拿大纪录片行业的就业人数增加了一倍多,这一时期内所创造的直接和间接工作岗位的数量,从7300跃升至15300。
  3. 纪录片行业2005-2006年度的全职工作岗位数量,相对于1996-1997年度同比增长110%。而同时期加拿大整个影视行业直接相关全职工作岗位的增长仅为17%。
  4. 加拿大纪录片的出口价值自1996-1997年度至2005-2006年度增长了200%,达到4.24亿美元。而加拿大影视行业总体出口额下滑48%。
  5. 通过缔结条约合作拍摄纪录片的活动从九十年代末至今已增加了一倍多,而整个行业的合作拍片数至今还停留在1997年的水平上。

电视纪录片:发展壮大的十年
纪录片在多频道电视台已广为接受,提供了相对经济的多种类细分收益途径。再加上九十年代专业服务的扩展,及纪录片制作开支的关键许可委托,推动纪录片市场空前发展。

  1. 加拿大电视纪录片的收入在2005-2006年度达到4.24亿美元,相对于1996-1997年度增长了2.5倍,并且在同一时期内,领先全行业64%。
  2. 英语市场上,纪录片预算从2004-2005年度的每小时19.8万美元,增长到2005-2006年度的26.9万美元,达到九年来的新高。
  3. 加拿大发行人对于纪录片的投资,从实际投资的美元数和占总体预算的份额的角度来说,有所增长。在英语市场上,总发行许可费用,从2000-2001年的5200万美元(总体融资额的29%),增长到2005-2006年度的9000万美元(总融资额的37%)。在法语市场上,总发行许可费用从2000-2001年的1800万美元(总体融资额的31%),增长到2005-2006年度的3800万美元(总融资额的37%)。
  4. 所有上述数据都表明,纪录片制作人在加拿大市场上已站稳脚跟,并发展迅速。同时,我坚信,同样的情况也正在中国市场上演。

我之所以来到这里,是因为我相信中国市场正在兴起,且整个世界正翘首以待中国市场在未来会如何发展。我来此,是带着谦虚的态度提供我的技能和能力,与各位合作创造出回应世界对中国的观望,并让世人刮目相看的作品。

根据我在合作中力所能及的参与,我意识到我们双方在工作方式上存在关键性的差异,这需要我们之间取得谅解,从而使我们的合作顺利推进。某些差异源于文化,如叙事手法等。

在西方世界,情节的表现依靠鲜明的角色的戏剧表现来展开,从而向观众展示主题和事件。而在中国,我经常注意到,更多的注意力集中在突出将要接受审查的主题。

在西方,制作人花大量的时间和金钱,在实际拍摄前研究故事情节和拍摄手稿。而在中国,我经常注意到,更多的注意力集中在突出将要接受审查的主题。

在西方,制作人花大量的时间和金钱,在实际拍摄前研究故事情节和拍摄手稿。而在中国,我发现一旦主题和大纲被确定下来,就直接进入正式拍摄。

在加拿大,影片的大部分预算依靠社会投资,这要求影片制作方的会计工作必须完整和精确,因为投资人需要审计。但我们发现,很多时候,要从我们的中国合作伙伴那里获得及时的解释和完整的开支会计资料,是很困难的。同时,我们由于还没有有关电视节目制作的条约协议而处在进退两难的境界。

对于这些问题,我无意指责我的中国同事。要让来自世界两个端点的纪录片制作者在一起工作,这些问题都是很难避免的。我同时相信,一定能找到解决问题的办法。我非常高兴,自己能再一次来到你们美丽的国度,来巩固现有的合作,并为未来开创新的合作机会。
我向主办方以及杰出的加拿大贸易委员会致以谢意,感谢他们为我们创造了这样一个交流的机会。

 

 

编辑:邹娟 (www.bjdoc.com